Expanded HANZAB taxonomy

Note: for efficiency reasons, the taxonomy is broken into three parts:

Part 1.

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Part 2.

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Part 3. PASSERIFORMES

For sources used to compile the taxonomy below and treatment of conflicts see notes after the taxonomy on the contents page.

Part 1

• STRUTHIONIFORMES Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Ostriches (Struthionidae)
• Ostrich Struthio camelus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Common Ostrich (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Extralimital: nominate camelus, and three other subspecies native to Africa, Arabia
  • massaicus, introduced to Aust.
• CASUARIIFORMES Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Emu and Cassowaries (Casuariidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate novaehollandiae mainland Aust
  • diemenensis, Tas (extinct)
  • minor, King Island (extinct)
  • baudinianus, Kangaroo Island. (extinct)
• Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• APTERYGIFORMES Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Kiwis (Apterygidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Little Spotted Kiwi Apteryx owenii Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Great Spotted Kiwi Apteryx maxima Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Southern Brown Kiwi Apteryx australis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  NZ endemic.

  • Nominate australis Stewart Island (southwestern South Island in AviList 2025)
  • lawryi on South Island. (Stewart Island in AviList 2025)
• Okarito Brown Kiwi Apteryx rowi Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• North Island Brown Kiwi Apteryx mantelli Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• ANSERIFORMES
• Magpie Goose (Anseranatidae)
• Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata
• Monotypic.
• Ducks, Swans, and Geese (Anatidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
    (Note: subfamilies not in AviList but retained here. See Taxonomic Changes for a description of the impact)
• Whistling Ducks (Dendrocygninae)
• Spotted Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna guttata Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Spotted Whistling Duck (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Plumed Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna eytoni Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Plumed Whistling Duck (AviList 2025), Plumed Whistling-duck (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Wandering Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna arcuata Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Wandering Whistling Duck (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate arcuata in Philippines and parts of Indonesia
  • australis Reichenbach, 1850, in s. New Guinea and n. Aust.
  • pygmaea Mayr, 1945, in New Britain.
• Stiff-tailed Ducks (Oxyurinae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Musk Duck Biziura lobata Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • lobata western
  • menziesi eastern.
• Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis
• Monotypic.
• Lake Duck Oxyura vittata Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Swans and Geese (Anserinae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Pink-eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Cape Barren Goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae
• Polytypic

  • Nominate novaehollandiae, SA, Vic., Tas. and Bass Str.
  • grisea WA (Storr 1980).
• Mute Swan Cygnus olor
• Monotypic.
• Black Swan Cygnus atratus
• Monotypic.
• Canada Goose Branta canadensis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Seven subspecies including maxima and moffitti. Peters stated that birds introduced to NZ were mostly maxima; Palmer (1976) combined maxima with moffitti. Subspecies maxima in NZCL 2022 but moffitti listed in WLAB 4.1 as a vagrant from NZ.
• Greylag Goose Anser anser Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • anser
  • rubrirostris.
• Sheldgeese, Shelducks and Steamer ducks (Tadorninae)
• Radjah Shelduck Radjah radjah Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate radjah extralimital in New Guinea, Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Is
  • rufitergum, Hartert 1905, in n. Aust. from Kimberleys, WA, to Rockhampton, Qld.
• Paradise Shelduck Tadorna variegata
• Monotypic.
• Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides
        Chestnut-breasted Shelduck (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Eiders, Scoters, Sawbills, other Sea Ducks (Merginae)
• New Zealand Merganser Mergus australis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Auckland Island Merganser (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Ducks (Anatinae)
• Green Pygmy-goose Nettapus pulchellus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Green Pygmy-Goose (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Cotton Pygmy-Goose (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate coramandelianus tropical se. Asia from Pakistan and India China (to N of Yangtse R.), through Malaysia, Philipines to n. New Guinea
  • albipennis (Gould, 1842) restricted to e. coastal Qld.
• Blue Duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  •  Nominate malacorhynchos SI, NZ;
  • hymenolaimus Mathews, 1937, NI, NZ.
• Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Maned Duck (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Hardhead Aythya australis
        Australian White-eyed Duck (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic

  However, extima Mayr 1940 has been proposed for birds from Banks Is, New Hebrides and New Caledonia (see Geographical Variation).
• Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• New Zealand Scaup Aythya novaeseelandiae
• Monotypic.
• Garganey Spatula querquedula Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Blue-winged Teal Spatula discors Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Northern Shoveler Spatula clypeata Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Australasian Shoveler Spatula rhynchotis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic

  (Polytypic in AviList 2025, rhynchotis, variegata)
• Amsterdam Wigeon Mareca marecula Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Eurasian Wigeon Mareca penelope Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Chiloe Wigeon Mareca sibilatrix Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Grey Duck (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic

  (polytypic in AviList 2025, superciliosa Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi region, Moluccas, southern New Guinea including Louisiade Archipelago (off southeastern New Guinea), Australia including Tasmania, and New Zealand (where now extensively hybridized with Mallard), including the Chatham Islands and pelewensis northern New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, southwestern Polynesia )
• Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • platyrhynchos widespread in the northern hemisphere and introduced to Australia and New Zealand
  • conboschas in Greenland
• Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate georgica, S. Georgia
  • niceforoi Wetmore and Borrero, 1946, central Columbia, now rare or extinct
  • spinicauda, Vieillot, 1816, South America; S of Columbia, Falkland Is.
• Northern Pintail Anas acuta
• Monotypic.
• Eaton’s Pintail Anas eatoni Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate eatoni Iles Kerguelen, and introduced to Iles Amsterdam and St Paul
  • drygalskii Reichenow, 1904, Iles Crozet.
• Common Teal Anas crecca Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Green-winged Teal (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • crecca
  • carolinensis
• Yellow-billed Teal Anas flavirostris Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate flavirostris, widespread over s. South America, Falkland ls
  • oxyptera extralimitally in Peru and Argentina.
• Chestnut Teal Anas castanea Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic

  (Polytypic in AviList 2025 with castanea in e. Aust. and alexanderi in w. Aust.)
• Grey Teal Anas gracilis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic

  (polytypic in AviList 2025: gracilis and remissa).
• Brown Teal Anas chlorotis
• Monotypic.
• Auckland Teal Anas aucklandica
        Auckland Island Teal (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Campbell Teal Anas nesiotis
        Campbell Island Teal (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Hybrid Ducks Anatidae spp.
• Monotypic or polytypic not set
• GALLIFORMES
• Megapodes (Megapodiidae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata
• Monotypic.
• Australian Brush-turkey Alectura lathami
        Australian Brushturkey (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate lathami, e. Qld and NSW\
  • purpureicollis (Le Souëf 1898), C. York Pen. district, n. Qld.
• Orange-footed Scrubfowl Megapodius reinwardt Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate reinwardt, Kangean Is; Lesser Sunda Is, E from Lombok to Babar; islands in Flores and Banda Sea; Kai Is, Aru Is; nw., s. and se. New Guinea, islands of nw. Torres Str.;
  • tumulus Gould, 1842, Kimberley, WA, and n. NT including Melville, Croker, Bickerton Is, Groote Eylandt;
  • macgillivrayi G.R. Gray, 1861, D’Entrecasteaux, Trobriand, Marshall Bennett and Woodlark Is, Louisiade Arch., possibly mountains of se. New Guinea;
  • yorki Mathews, 1929, C. York Pen., S to Mitchell R. in W and about Cooktown in E and islands off N. and e. coasts;
  • castanonotus Mayr, 1938, ne. Qld and islands, from C. Tribulation, S to about Yeppoon.
• Guineafowl (Numididae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
    See also Failed introductions of Galliformes.
• Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nine subspecies. Unclear which subspecies in Australia and New Zealand.
• New World Quail (Odontophoridae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
    See also Failed introductions of Galliformes.
• California Quail Callipepla californica Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Seven subspecies (five in AviList 2025) native to w. North America.
    • brunnescens introduced to Australia and New Zealand
• Partridges, Pheasants, Grouse, and Allies (Phasianidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
    See also Failed introductions of Galliformes.
• Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Six subspecies (AviList 2025) have been described from the natural range of the species in n. and Central America; introduced to various parts of the world (Long 1981).
• Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Thirty subspecies, Asia (AviLIst 2025). Unknown subspecies in Australia (WLAB 4.3), New Zealand stock is derived from several interbreeding subspecies (NZCL 2024)
• Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus
        Peafowl (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Green Junglefowl Gallus varius Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate gallus se. Asia; introduced in many Indonesian, Philippine and Polynesian islands
  • four more extralimital subspecies in India and Java.
• Brown Quail Synoicus ypsilophorus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate ypsilophora, Tas.
  • australis (Latham 1801), Aust. mainland; raaltenii (Müller, 1842), Lesser Sunda Is: Flores, Alor, Wetar, Dao, Doö, Roti, Timor, Kisar, Leti, Moa, Luang
  • extralimitally
    • pallidior (Hartert, 1897), Lesser Sunda Is of Sumba, Sawu
    • saturatior (Hartert, 1930), lowlands of n. New Guinea
    • dogwa (Mayr & Rand 1935), lowlands of s. New Guinea
    • plumbeus (Salvadori, 1894), lowlands of e. New Guinea
    • mafulu (Mayr & Rand, 1935), s. slopes of se. New Guinea
    • lamonti, (Mayr & Gilliard, 1951), mid-mountain areas of Central Highlands
    • monticola (Mayr & Rand, 1935), alpine areas of se. New Guinea.
• King Quail Synoicus chinensis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • victoriae (Mathews, 1912), e. Aust. from Qld to Vic.
  • colletti (Mathews, 1912), nw. Australia
  • extralimitally
    • Nominate chinensis and seven other subspecies (three in AviList 2025) in se. Asia, Indonesia, Philippines and New Guinea
• New Zealand Quail Coturnix novaezelandiae
• Monotypic.
• Stubble Quail Coturnix pectoralis
• Monotypic.
• Chukar Partridge Alectoris chukar Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Chukar (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • nominate chukar and subspecies koroviakovi successfully introduced into NZ.
  • extralimitally, 14 subspecies, including chukar and koroviakovi, in AviList. Natural range, Eurasia. Some authors (e.g. Peters) include these in Rock Partridge A. graeca of se. Europe but others (e.g. BWP, AviList) separate the two.
• PHOENICOPTERIFORMES
• Flamingoes (Phoenicopteridae)
• Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• PODICIPEDIFORMES
• Grebes (Podicipedidae)
• Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Taxonomic changes (Avilist 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Subspecies tricolor listed in WLAB 4.1.
  • Nine extralimital subspecies.
• Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Eastern Little Grebe (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate novaehollandiae occurs Aust., Tas., s. New Guinea and NZ
  • leucosternos (Mayr 1931) New Hebrides and New Caledonia
  • rennellianus (Mayr 1931) Rennell I., Solomon Is
  • javanicus (Mayr 1943) Java
  • fumosus (Mayr 1943) Talaud Is
  • incola (Mayr 1943) n. New Guinea.
• Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus
• Monotypic.
• New Zealand Grebe Poliocephalus rufopectus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        New Zealand Dabchick (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Great Grebe Podiceps major Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • major, Peru and southern South America
  • navasi, Chile.
• Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus
• Polytypic

  • australis (Gould 1844) in Aust. and NZ.
  • extralimitally
    • Nominate cristatus (Linnaeus 1758) occurs in Palaearctic
    • infuscatus (Salvadori 1884) in Africa
• OTIDIFORMES Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Bustards (Otididae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Australian Bustard Ardeotis australis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• CUCULIFORMES
• Cuckoos (Cuculidae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • sarasinorum is vagrant to Australia (WLAB 4.1)
  • extralimitally, five other subspecies.
• Pheasant Coucal Centropus phasianinus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate phasianinus, coastal and subcoastal e. Aust., from Burdekin Lowlands to Sydney
  • melanurus, Gould, 1847, coastal n. Aust., from Pilbara through Kimberley Div. and Top End to C. York Pen.; on e. coast occurring as far S as Burdekin R
  • thierfelderi Stresemann, 1927, s. New Guinea lowlands and vagrant to Australia.
  • Extralimitally, four subspecies:
    • mui, Mason & McKean, 1984, Timor
    • nigricans (Salvadori, 1876), e. lowlands of New Guinea
    • propinqus Mayr, 1937, coastal n. New Guinea from Mamberamo R. to Astrolabe Bay
    • obscuratus New Guinea.
• Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Clamator coromandus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • scolopaceus
  • chinensis
  • harterti
  • malayanus
  • corvinus, Stresemann, 1931, n. Moluccas
  • mindanensis.

  Subspecies in Australia unknown.
• Eastern Koel Eudynamys orientalis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Pacific Koel (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • cyanocephalus (Latham, 1802) in coastal and subcoastal e. Aust., S of Burdekin R. in n. Qld; migrate to possible non-breeding areas in New Guinea and Wallacea
  • subcyanocephalus, Mathews, 1912, tropical Aust. N of Burdekin R.; migrate to New Guinea.
  • Extralimitally:
    • rufiventer (Lesson, 1830), New Guinea and W. Papuan Is;
    • alberti, Rothschild & Hartert, 1907, Solomon Is;
    • salvadorii, Hartert, 1900, Bismark Arch.;
    • orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766), s. Moluccas;
    • picatus (was everetti, Hartert, 1900), Lesser Sundas;
    • hybrida.
• Long-tailed Cuckoo Urodynamis taitensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Long-tailed Koel (AviList 2025) Eudynamys taitensis (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae
• Polytypic

  • Nominate novaehollandiae, n. and e. subcoastal Aust., wintering in New Guinea and nearby islands, and Moluccas.
  • Extralimitally,
    • subspecies fordi, Mason, 1996, Sulawesi, including Banggai and Tukangbesi Is, dispersing to n. Sulawesi and the Moluccas, including Sula Is
    • subspecies schoddei, Mason, 1996, New Britain and Duke of York I, and possibly elsewhere in Bismark Arch.
• Horsfield’s Bronze-Cuckoo Chalcites basalis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Horsfield’s Bronze Cuckoo (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Black-eared Cuckoo Chalcites osculans Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Chalcites lucidus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Shining Bronze Cuckoo (AviList 2025) Shining Bronze-cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate lucidus, breeds NZ and Chatham Is, migrating to non-breeding areas in sw. Pacific (mainly Solomon Is); occurs in e. coastal Aust. and offshore islands on passage
  • plagosus (Latham, 1802), Tas., e. Aust. and sw. Aust., some migrating as far N as New Guinea and Lesser Sundas in non-breeding season.
  • Extralimitally:
    • layardi (Mathews, 1912), New Caledonia, Loyalty Is, New Hebrides, Banks and Santa Cruz Is
    • harterti Mayr, 1932, Renell and Bellona Is.
• Little Bronze-Cuckoo Chalcites minutillus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Little Bronze Cuckoo (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate minutillus, n. Aust., some perhaps migrating to Lesser Sundas, s. Moluccas, Peleng I. and New Guinea in non-breeding season;
  • barnardi, Mathews, 1912, ne. NSW and se. Qld, migrating to n. Qld and s. New Guinea;
  • russatus, ne. Qld, from C. York to Bowen.
  • Extralimitally:
    • subspecies albifrons (Junge, 1938), Sumatra and Java
    • subspecies cleis, Parker, 1981, n. and e. Borneo (not in AviList 2025)
    • subspecies peninsularis, Parker, 1981, Malay Pen
    • subspecies aheneus (Junge, 1938), e. and n. Borneo, s. Sulu Arch. and s. Philippines
    • subspecies jungei (Stresemann 1938), Sulawesi, Madu and Flores
    • subspecies misoriensis (Salvadori, 1875), lowlands of New Guinea and associated offshore islands.
    • extra subspecies in AviList 2025
      • rufomerus, (Hartert, 1900)Lesser Sundas
      • salvadorii, Hartert, Stresemann, 1925, Babar Islands
      • poecilurus, (Gray, 1862), lowlands of coastal southern New Guinea and adjacent islands
• Pallid Cuckoo Heteroscenes pallidus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Cacomantis pallidus (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Chestnut-breasted Cuckoo Cacomantis castaneiventris Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  (monotypic in AviList 2025)

  • Nominate castaneiventris, C. York Pen., Torres Str. and Aru Is.
  • extralimitally:
    • arfakianus, Salvadori, 1889, W. Papuan Is and nw. New Guinea, extending E to Mamberamo R. on n. coast, and to Fly R. on s. coast; 
    • weiskei, Reichenow, 1900, mountains of se. New Guinea, W to Sepik Region in N and Utakwa R. in S..
• Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate flabelliformis, e. Aust., from C. York Pen. S to Vic. and Tas., then W along s. coast to Eyre Pen., with gap to sw. Aust.
  • Extralimitally:
    • excitus, Rothschild & Hartert, 1907, New Guinea highlands
    • pyrrhophanus (Veillot, 1817), New Caledonia and Loyalty Is.
    • schistaceigularis, Sharpe, 1900, Vanuatu and Banks Is; simus (Peale, 1848), Fiji
    • meeki Solomon Is.
    • (simus Fiji in AviLIst 2025)
• Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Sahul Brush Cuckoo (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate variolosus breeds coastal and subcoastal e. Aust., Burdekin R., Qld. S to Vic, n. Aust. from Kimberley Div. to C. York Pen. and islands of Torres Str., and S along e. coast to about Burdekin R.
  • Extralimitally, eight subspecies:
    • tymbonomus, Muller, 1843, Timor (see Geographical Variation for discussion)
    • infaustus, Cabanis & Heine, 1863, w. New Guinea, Aru and W. Papuan Is, and Moluccas (Halmahera, Ternate, Kai, Obi, Seram Laut)
    • fortior, Rothschild & Hartert, 1914, D’Entrecasteaux Arch. (Goodenough & Fergusson Is) and, apparently, Rook, Dampier and Vulcan Is
    • websteri, Hartert, 1898, New Hanover
    • macrocercus, Stresemann, 1921, e. Bismark Arch. (all islands except New Hanover, Admiralty and Tabar Is) (AviList 20225)
    • major, Salvadori, 1880, northern Moluccas (Morotai to Obi) (AviList 2025)
    • obscuratus, Stresemann, Paludan, 1932, Numfor (Cenderawasih Bay, off northwestern New Guinea) (AviList 2025)
• Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • lugubris
  • brachyurus
  • barussarum.
• Large Hawk-Cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Whistling Hawk-Cuckoo Hierococcyx nisicolor Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • micropterus
  • concretus.

  Unknown subspecies a vagrant to Australia.
• African Cuckoo Cuculus gularis
• Monotypic.
• Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus
• Polytypic

  • Nominate canorus, Europe, E to Kamchatka, S to Turkey, Iraq and Iran
  • bangsi, Oberholser, 1919, Spain, Balearic Is and nw. Africa
  • subtelephonus, Zarudny, 1914, Iran, Afghanistan, through n. Pakistan and Kashmir, E shore of Caspian Sea to Mongolia, China and Japan
  • bakeri, Hartert, 1912, Himalayas, Assam and s. China (BWP).
• Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus optatus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• COLUMBIFORMES
• Doves and Pigeons (Columbidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  Eleven subspecies in South America.
• Brown Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia phasianella Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • phasianella (Temminck, 1821) e. Aust. S of Mackay, Qld;
  • quinkan  Schodde, 1988, e. C. York Pen. to McIlwraith Ra;
  • robinsoni e. Qld S of Cooktown to about Rockhampton
• Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • nominate chinensis  (Scopoli, GA, 1786) e. China, Taiwan.
  • subspecies tigrina  (Temminck, 1810) e. India, Burma, Malay Pen., Indochina, Palawan, Borneo and Sundas, Yunnan.
  • (extra AviList subspecies
    • suratensis, (Gmelin, 1789) Pakistan east to Bhutan
    • ceylonensis (Reichenbach, 1851) Sri Lanka
    • hainana, (Hartert, EJO, 1910) Hainan.)

  Nominate chinensis and subspecies tigrina introduced Aust. (some hybridization occurs in Aust.); subspecies tigrina introduced NZ.
• Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate senegalensis s. and central Africa, N to Mauritania, Algeria, Chad, and s. Egypt; also w. Arabia, Jordan and Israel;
  • subspecies phoenicophila (Hartert, 1916), nw. Libya, Tunisia, n. Algeria, Turkey and n. Syria;
  • subspecies aegyptiaca (Latham, 1790), Egypt, S to Aswan;
  • subspecies cambayensis (Gmelin, 1789), Iran, Pakistan, s. Afghanistan, India, and Iraq;
  • subspecies ermanni (Bonaparte, 1856), Turkmenistan, s. Kazakhstan, Sinkiang, and n. Afghanistan
  • sokotrae (Grant, 1914), Socotra (not separated from senegalensis in AviList 2025)
• Red Turtle-Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Red Collared Dove (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Subspecies humilis (Temminck, CJ, 1824) Vagrant Australia.
  • Nominate tranquebarica (Hermann, J, 1804).
• Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  Five subspecies. Subspecies in Australia not known.
• Barbary Dove Streptopelia roseogrisea Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        African Collared Dove (AviList 2025) Streptopelia risoria (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • roseogrisea (Sundevall, 1857), introduced Australia and New Zealand and North America
  • arabica (Neumann, 1904), introduced to Australia
• Metallic Pigeon Columba vitiensis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • godmanae  (Mathews, 1915) Lord Howe I. (extinct)
  • Extralimitally, seven extant subspecies, extending from Lesser Sundas and Philippines to Moluccas, Kai Is, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Solomon Is, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Loyalty Is, Fiji and Samoa.
• White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela
• Monotypic.
• Rock Dove Columba livia Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Rock Pigeon (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  Nine subspecies (BLI 2022), extralimital in natural range, from w. Palaearctic to s. Asia. Feral domestic breeds descended from the Rock Dove of Europe (livia) introduced to HANZAB region and widely throughout world.
• Grey-capped Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Common Emerald Dove (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • natalis in HANZAB region
  • extralimitally, five other subspecies.
• Brown-capped Emerald Dove Chalcophaps longirostris Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Pacific Emerald Dove (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • longirostris nw. Australia
  • rogersi e. Australia and New Guinea
  • extralimitally
    • timorensis
    • sandwichensis.
• Stephan’s Emerald Dove Chalcophaps stephani Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Unknown subspecies rare/accidental Australia (Queensland)
  • Three extralimital subspecies:
    • wallacei
    • stephani
    • mortoni
• Norfolk Island Ground-Dove Pampusana norfolkensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Norfolk Ground Dove (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Wonga Pigeon Leucosarcia melanoleuca
• Monotypic.
• Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera
• Monotypic.
• Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans
• Polytypic

  • Nominate elegans Tas. and se. and e. mainland Aust.
  • occidentalis  Schodde, 1988, sw. WA.
• Flock Bronzewing Phaps histrionica
• Monotypic.
• Diamond Dove Geopelia cuneata
• Monotypic.
• Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate humeralis found e. Aust.;
  • hedlandi  Mathews, 1913, Pilbara region, WA;
  • inexpectra Mathews, 1912, n. Australia.
  • Extralimitally, subspecies gregalis  Bangs & Peters, 1926, s. New Guinea.
• Peaceful Dove Geopelia placida Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • clelandi Mathews, 1912, Pilbara Region from De Grey R. to Murchison district, WA
  • placida Gould, 1844, n. and e. Aust.
• Chestnut-quilled Rock-Pigeon Petrophassa rufipennis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Chestnut-quilled Rock Pigeon (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• White-quilled Rock-Pigeon Petrophassa albipennis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        White-quilled Rock Pigeon (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate albipennis  n. WA and w. NT
  • boothi  Goodwin, 1969, Victoria R. region, NT.
• Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes
• Polytypic

  • Nominate lophotes, throughout much of Aust.: e. NT, Qld (except n. C. York Pen.), NSW (except SE), n. Vic. and WA (except central and n. regions) and coastal NT
  • whitlocki Mathews, 1912, central and n. WA, and adjacent parts of NT and SA.
• Spinifex Pigeon Geophaps plumifera
• Polytypic

  • Nominate plumifera Kimberley Div., WA, and n. NT
  • ferruginea (Gould, 1865) Pilbara and Gascoyne regions, from S of Eighty Mile Beach, S to Gascoyne R. and inland to Meekatharra; isolated population in Cape Ra.
  • leucogaster (Gould, 1867) central and e. Aust., extending N to Banka Banka and McArthur R. in NT.
• Squatter Pigeon Geophaps scripta
• Polytypic

  • Nominate scripta  E. Qld, N to Burdekin R.; formerly n. NSW (now vagrant)
  • peninsulae  White, 1922, ne. Qld, N of Burdekin R., including C. York Pen.
• Partridge Pigeon Geophaps smithii
• Polytypic

  • Nominate smithii, Top End, NT
  • blaauwi Mathews, 1912, Kimberley Div., WA.
• Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate nicobarica, Linnaeus, 1758, Philipines, Malay Penisula, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
  • pelewensis, Finsch, 1875, Palau Island.
• Chatham Islands Pigeon Hemiphaga chathamensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Chatham Island Pigeon (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• New Zealand Pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate novaeseelandiae, NZ, including larger offshore islands
  • spadicea (Latham, 1801) Norfolk I. (extinct).
• Topknot Pigeon Lopholaimus antarcticus
• Monotypic.
• Blue-tailed Imperial-Pigeon Ducula concinna Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Elegant Imperial Pigeon (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon Ducula whartoni Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Christmas Imperial Pigeon (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Collared Imperial-Pigeon Ducula mullerii Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Collared Imperial Pigeon (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  (monotypic in AviList 2025)

  • Nominate mullerii, s. New Guinea, from Mimika R. E to Brown R. and on Aru Is.
  • aurantia (Meyer, 1893), n. New Guinea, from w. Geelvink Bay E to Astrolabe Bay.
• Zoe’s Imperial-Pigeon Ducula zoeae Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Zoe’s Imperial Pigeon (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Pied Imperial-Pigeon Ducula bicolor Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Pied Imperial Pigeon (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Torresian Imperial-Pigeon Ducula spilorrhoa Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Torresian Imperial Pigeon (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Wompoo Fruit-Dove Megaloprepia magnifica Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Wompoo Fruit Dove (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate magnifica se. Qld, S of Rockhampton to ne. NSW
  • keri  (Mathews, 1912) ne. Qld, from Cairns to Atherton
  • assimilis  (Gould, 1850) C. York Pen., S to McIlwraith Ra.
  • Extralimitally,
    • puella  (Lesson, 1827) West Papuan Is and w. Irian Jaya;
    • poliura  (Salvadori, 1878) se. New  Guinea, W to Huon Pen. in N and Aroa R. in S.
• Black-banded Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus alligator Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Black-banded Fruit Dove (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Orange-fronted Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus aurantiifrons Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Orange-fronted Fruit Dove (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Superb Fruit Dove (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic

  (polytypic in AviList 2025 with subspecies:

  • temminickii Sulawesi and Sula Islands
  • superbus ne. Australia, Moluccas to Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands)
• Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus regina Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Rose-crowned Fruit Dove (AviList 2025) Rose-crowned Fruit-dove (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate regina, e. Aust. from islands of Torres Str. (including Daru I., PNG) to mid-n. NSW
  • ewingii Gould, 1842, Kimberley Div., WA, and Top End, NT, E to sw. Gulf of Carpentaria.
  • Extralimitally:
    • flavicollis Bonaparte, 1855, Flores, Roti, Sawu, Semau and Timor
    • xanthogaster (Wagler, 1827) Banda, Watubela, Tayandu, and Kai, Luang, Sermata, Damar, Teun, Nila, Babar and Tanimbar
    • roseipileum Hartet, 1904, Timor, Wetar, Romang, Moa, Kisar and Leti.
• Orange-bellied Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus iozonus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Orange-bellied Fruit Dove (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • iozonus, Gray, 1858;
  • humeralis, Wallace, 1862;
  • iobiensis, Schlegel, 1871;
  • finschi, Mayr, E, 1931.

  Unidentified subspecies a vagrant to Australia.
• GRUIFORMES Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Cranes (Gruidae)
• Brolga Antigone rubicunda Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Sarus Crane Antigone antigone Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate antigone, Pakistan and India
  • sharpii Blanford, 1895, e. Assam to Vietnam
  • gillae Schodde 1988, n. Aust.
• Rails, Gallinules, and Coots (Rallidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Plumbeous Rail Pardirallus sanguinolentus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  Six subspecies in South America:

  • simonsi
  • tschudii
  • zelebori
  • sanguinolentus
  • landbecki
  • luridus.
• Corncrake Crex crex
        Corn Crake (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Slaty-breasted Rail Lewinia striata Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Six subspecies in AviList 2025:
    • albiventer
    • obscurior
    • jouyi
    • taiwana
    • gularis
    • striata
  • Subspecies not in AviList 2025:
    • nicobariensis
    • paraterma

  Unidentifed subspecies a vagrant in Australia.
• Lewin’s Rail Lewinia pectoralis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate pectoralis, s. Qld, NSW, Vic., SA;
  • clelandi (Mathews, 1911), sw. Aust.;
  • brachipus (Swainson, 1838), Tas.
  • Extralimitally, five subspecies described from New Guinea, Philippines and Flores:
    • mayri
    • alberti
    • capta
    • insulsa
    • exsul.
• Auckland Rail Lewinia muelleri Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Auckland Island Rail (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Chestnut Rail Gallirallus castaneoventris Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate castaneoventris, n. coasts of Aust. from nw. Aust. to n. Qld
  • extralimitally
    • sharpei Rothschild, 1906, Aru Is.
• Weka Gallirallus australis
• Polytypic

  • Nominate australis, n. and W. SI, from n. Marlborough to Fiordland; introduced Kapiti, Chatham and Macquarie Is (extirpated on latter);
  • greyi (Buller, 1888), NI, formerly throughout but now mainly Poverty Bay area; introduced Kapiti, Rakitu, Mokoia, and Kawau Is and Bay of Islands;
  • hectori (Hutton, 1874), e. coast and interior of SI, NZ, from Marlborough to Southland, now restricted to Chatham Is, where introduced;
  • scotti (Ogilvie-Grant, 1905) Stewart I.; introduced to So lander and other outlying islands off Stewart I. and also Kapiti and Macquarie Is extirpated on latter).
• Lord Howe Woodhen Gallirallus sylvestris Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Banded Rail Hypotaenidia philippensis (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • mellori (Mathews, 1912), Aust. and Tas.;
  • tounelieri Schodde & de Naurois, 1982, Coral Sea and Great Barrier Reef;
  • assimilis (G.R. Gray, 1843), NI and SI, NZ, Stewart and Auckland Is;
  • macquariensis (Hutton, 1879), Macquarie I.;
  • andrewsi (Mathews, 1911), Cocos-Keeling Is.
  • extralimitally
    • Nominate philippensis and fourteen other subspecies have been described in Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, New Britain, New Caledonia, New Hebrides and Polynesia;
• Chatham Rail Gallirallus modestus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Chatham Island Rail Cabalus modestus (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Dieffenbach’s Rail Gallirallus dieffenbachii Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Black-tailed Native-hen Tribonyx ventralis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Black-tailed Nativehen (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Tasmanian Native-hen Tribonyx mortierii Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Tasmanian Nativehen (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Australian Spotted Crake Porzana fluminea Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Australian Crake (AviList 2025, NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Lesser Moorhen Paragallinula angulata Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  Five subspecies in AviList 2025 and BLI 2022. Unidentified subspecies a vagrant in HANZAB region.
• Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa
• Polytypic

  • Nominate tenebrosa, Aust.
  • extralimitally
    • frontata Wallace, 1863, throughout Indonesia and perhaps New Guinea
    • neumanni Hartert, 1930, L. Sentani, n. Irian Jaya.
• Red-fronted Coot Fulica rufifrons Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Red-gartered Coot Fulica armillata Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Eurasian Coot Fulica atra
• Polytypic

  • australis Gould, 1845, Aust. and NZ
  • extralimitally
    • Nominate atra ranges widely in Europe and Asia, south to n. Africa, s. China, India, Sri Lanka
    • novaeguineae Rand, 1940, central New Guinea
    • lugubris S. Müller, 1847, Java to nw. New Guinea.
• White-winged Coot Fulica leucoptera Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Allen’s Gallinule Porphyrio alleni Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Purple Gallinule Porphyrio martinica Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        South-west Pacific Swamphen Porphyrio melanotus (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • melanotus Temminck, 1820, Aust. except in sw. parts and New Zealand
  • bellus Gould, 1840, sw. Aust.
  • Extralimital: nominate porphyrio and about nine other subspecies have been described (ten in AviList 2025);
• South Island Takahe Porphyrio hochstetteri Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• White Gallinule Porphyrio albus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        White Swamphen (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• North Island Takahe Porphyrio mantelli Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• White-browed Crake Poliolimnas cinereus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Watercock Gallicrex cinerea
• Monotypic.
• White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • phoenicurus
  • four extralimital subspecies.
• Pale-vented Bush-hen Amaurornis moluccana Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Subspecies ruficrissa Gould, 1869, NT and Qld.
  • Extralimital subspecies:
    • moluccana (Nominate)
    • nigrifrons
    • ultima
• Red-necked Crake Rallina tricolor
• Monotypic.
• Red-legged Crake Rallina fasciata
• Monotypic.
• Ruddy-breasted Crake Zapornia fusca Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate fusca
  • three subspecies extralimital, from India to Japan and throughout Indonesia and Philippines.
• Baillon’s Crake Zapornia pusilla Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • palustris Gould, 1842, e. New Guinea, Aust. and Tas.
  • affinis (J.E. Gray, 1846), NZ and Chatham Is.
  • extralimitally, in Europe, Africa, Madagascar, Asia to New Guinea:
    • Nominate pusilla
    • three other subspecies
• Spotless Crake Zapornia tabuensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  (monotypic in AviList 2025)

  • Nominate tabuensis Aust., NZ, Chatham Is, Philippines, Polynesia, New Caledonia and islands of sw. Pacific
  • extralimitally
    • edwardsi Gyldenstolpe, 1955, central Highlands, PNG
    • richardsoni Rand, 1940, Oranje Mts, New Guinea.

  Subspecies oliveri (Mathews & Iredale, 1914), Sunday I., possibly imaginary, known only from description by Latham.
• CHARADRIIFORMES Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Sheathbills (Chionidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Snowy Sheathbill Chionis albus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Black-faced Sheathbill Chionis minor
• Polytypic

  • Nominate minor, Iles Kerguelen
  • marionensis Reichenow, 1908, Prince Edward Is
  • crozettensis (Sharpe, 1896), Iles Crozet
  • nasicornis Reichenow, 1904, Heard I.
• Thick-knees and Stone-curlews (Burhinidae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Beach Stone-curlew Esacus magnirostris Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Stilts and Avocets (Recurvirostridae)
• Banded Stilt Cladorhynchus leucocephalus
• Monotypic.
• Red-necked Avocet Recurvirostra novaehollandiae
• Monotypic.
• Pied Stilt Himantopus leucocephalus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Himantopus himantopus (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Black Stilt Himantopus novaezelandiae
• Monotypic.
• Oystercatchers (Haematopodidae)
• Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus
• Polytypic

  • Nominate fuliginosus, coastal Aust. except where opthalmicus occurs
  • opthalmicus (sic) Castelman and Ramsay, 1877, occurs on Gulf of Carpentaria and C. York Pen.
• Australian Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Pied Oystercatcher (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Chatham Islands Oystercatcher Haematopus chathamensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Chatham Island Oystercatcher (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Variable Oystercatcher Haematopus unicolor
• Monotypic.
• South Island Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus finschi Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        South Island Oystercatcher (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Plovers and Lapwings (Charadriidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Plovers and Dotterels (Charadriinae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • squatarola and tomkovichi recorded in Australia;
  • cynosurae

  Unknown subspecies recorded in New Zealand (NZCL 2024).
• Eurasian Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        European Golden Plover (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Pluvialis dominicus (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva
• Monotypic.
• Rufous-chested Dotterel Zonibyx modestus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate hiaticula, w. and nw. Europe
  • psammodromus Iceland, Greenland and ne. Canada
  • tundrae (Lowe, 1915), coasts of Lappland and n. Russia, vagrant to Australia.
• Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Hooded Plover Thinornis cucullatus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  (monotypic in AviList 2025)

  • Eastern Hooded Plover Thinornis cucullatus cucullatus;
  • Western Hooded Plover Thinornis cucullatus tregellasi.
• Shore Plover Thinornis novaeseelandiae
        Charadrius novaeseelandiae (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Black-fronted Dotterel Thinornis melanops Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Charadrius melanops (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Three-banded Plover Thinornis tricollaris Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate tricollaris, e. and s. Africa
  • bifrontatus Cabanis, 1882, Madagascar.
• Little Ringed Plover Thinornis dubius Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate dubius, Philippines S to New Guinea, vagrant to Australia (WLAB 4.1);
  • curonicus Gmelin, 1789, Eurasia from Britain to n. China and Japan;
  • jerdoni (Legge, 1880), India and se. Asia.
• Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus
• Monotypic.
• Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Grey-headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Banded Lapwing Vanellus tricolor Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate miles, Moluccas, s. New Guinea and tropical n. Aust.
  • novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1819), e. and s. Aust., Tas.
• Red-kneed Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Inland Dotterel Peltohyas australis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic

  A subspecies whitlocki of doubtful validity has been proposed (Mathews, 1912) for birds in mid- and sw. Aust.
• Caspian Plover Anarhynchus asiaticus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Oriental Plover Anarhynchus veredus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Oriental Dotterel (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Tibetan Sand Plover Anarhynchus atrifrons Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • schaeferi de Schaunesee, 1938, w. China and s. Mongolia.
  • pamirensis Richmond, 1896, Pamirs, Karakoram;
  • atrifrons Wagler, 1829, Kirghiz Steppes, Ladakh, Tibet; pamirensis Richmond, 1896, Pamirs, Karakoram;
• Lesser Sand Plover Anarhynchus mongolus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Siberian Sand Plover (AviList 2025, NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate mongolus, e. Siberia, Mongolia
  • stegmanni Portenko, 1939, Kamchatka area.
• Greater Sand Plover Anarhynchus leschenaultii Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate leschenaultii breeds n. Gobi Desert of Mongolia and nw. China, winters in A’asian region
  • columbinus Wagler, 1829, breeds Middle East, s. Afghanistan and Azerbaijan; winters on Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
  • crassirostris (Severtzov, 1873), breeds from Transcaspia, E to se. Kazakhstan.
• Double-banded Plover Anarhynchus bicinctus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Banded Dotterel (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate bicinctus, NZ and islands, migrating to Aust., Tas., Norfolk and Lord Howe Is;
  • exilis Falla, 1978, Auckland Is.
• New Zealand Plover Anarhynchus obscurus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        New Zealand Dotterel (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • obscurus (Dowding, JE, 1994), coastal northern North Island and satellite islands (New Zealand)
  • aquilonius (Gmelin, JF, 1789), breeds montane Stewart Island (New Zealand), formerly also South Island; winters to southern South Island
• Wrybill Anarhynchus frontalis
• Monotypic.
• Red-capped Plover Anarhynchus ruficapillus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Kentish Plover Anarhynchus alexandrinus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  Three subspecies recognized, all extralimital. Unknown subspecies a vagrant to Australia
• Plains-wanderer (Pedionomidae)
• Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus
• Monotypic.
• Painted-snipes (Rostratulidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Australian Painted-snipe Rostratula australis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Australian Painted Snipe (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Jacanas (Jacanidae)
• Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus
• Monotypic.
• Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  (monotypic in AviList 2025)

  • Nominate gallinacea, se. Borneo, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Is and Philippines
  • novaeguinea (Ramsay, 1878), Misoel, New Guinea and Aru Is
  • novaehollandiae (Salvadori, 1882), n. and e. Aust.
• Sandpipers and Allies (Scolopacidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Curlews (Numeniinae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Little Curlew Numenius minutus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Little Whimbrel (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Alaskan Whimbrel Numenius hudsonicus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Hudsonian Whimbrel (AviList 2025) American Whimbrel (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • rufiventris breeds Alaska and northwestern Canada, recorded in Australia.
  • extralimitally, hudsonicus breeds in Hudson Bay.

  Subspecies in New Zealand not recorded in NZCL 2024.
• Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Eurasian Whimbrel (AviList 2025, NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate phaeopus, breeds n. Europe to w. Siberia
  • alboaxillaris Lowe, 1921, breeds N of Caspian Sea and Aral Sea
  • variegatus Scopoli, 1786, breeds ne. Siberia, winters in Australia and NewZealand.
  • islandicus
  • rogachevae
• Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Eastern Curlew (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • orientalis C.L. Brehm, 1831, central Asia; subspecies intergrades with arquata in south-eastern Europe and western Siberia.
  • extralimitally
    • Nominate arquata, British Isles, Norway and western and central continental Europe;
    • (suschkini in AviList 2025.)
• Godwits (Limosinae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • nominate lapponica breeds n. Eurasia from Taymyr to Lappland
  • subspecies menzbieri Portenko 1936, n. Siberia, between Khatanga R. and delta of Kolyma R. Winters in nw. Australia, New Zealand and south-eastern Asia.
  • subspecies baueri Naumann, 1836, breeds in ne. Siberia, from round Kolyma R., E to Chuckotski Pen., and in w. Alaska. Winters in Australia, New Zealand and south-eastern Asia.
  • Extra subspecies in AviList 2025
    • yamalensis breeds on the northern West-Siberian Plain, including the Yamal Peninsula
    • taymyrensis breeds north-central Siberia, roughly from the lower Yenisei River Valley eastward to the lower Anabar River Valley.
• Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • melanuroides Gould, 1846,breeds e. Siberia and Mongolia, between 45°N and 65°N. Winters in HANZAB region.
  • extralimitally
    • Nominate limosa breeds w. Siberia and Europe
    • islandica Brehm, 1831,breeds Iceland
    • Extra subspecies in AviList 2025
      • bohaii
• Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Snipes, Woodcocks, and Dowitchers (Scolopacinae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Asiatic Dowitcher (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • caurinus, breeds w. Canada
  • hendersoni, breeds c. Canada
  • griseus, breeds e. Canada

  Unknown subspecies a vagrant to Australia.
• North Island Snipe Coenocorypha barrierensis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• South Island Snipe Coenocorypha iredalei Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Chatham Islands Snipe Coenocorypha pusilla Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Chatham Island Snipe (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Snares Snipe Coenocorypha huegeli Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Snares Island Snipe (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Subantarctic Snipe Coenocorypha aucklandica Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate aucklandica, Auckland Is
  • meinertzhagenae Rothschild, 1927, Antipodes Is
  • perserverance, Campbell Islands.
• Swinhoe’s Snipe Gallinago megala Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Pintail Snipe Gallinago stenura Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Pin-tailed Snipe (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Latham’s Snipe Gallinago hardwickii Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Japanese Snipe (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Unidentified Gallinago snipe Gallinago spp Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic or polytypic not set
• Shanks and allies (Tringinae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus
• Monotypic.
• Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos
• Monotypic.
• Wilson’s Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Grey Phalarope (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria
• Polytypic

  • Nominate solitaria breeds across Canada from British Columbia to Labrador.
  • cinnamomea (Brewster, 1890) breeds Alaska and Mackenzie district, w. Canada.
• Wandering Tattler Tringa incana Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis
• Monotypic.
• Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola
• Monotypic.
• Common Redshank Tringa totanus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate totanus, breeds British Isles, Spain and n. Scandinavia, E to nw. Russia;
  • ussuriensis Buturlin, 1934, Russia, E of Ural Mts, Mongolia, and n. Manchuria;
  • robusta (Schiíler, 1919) Iceland and The Faeroes;
  • terrignotae Meinertzhagen, 1926, s. Manchuria and e. China;
  • craggi Hale, 1971, nw. Sinkiang;
  • eurhina (Oberholser, 1900), n. India, s. Tibet, and Pamir.

  For discussion of zones of hybridization of subspecies, see Geographical Variation. Subspecies occurring Aust. not known.
• Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes
• Monotypic.
• Nordmann’s Greenshank Tringa guttifer Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus
• Monotypic.
• Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia
• Monotypic.
• Turnstones, Arctic Sandpipers and Allies (Calidrinae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate interpres, western Alaska, Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg Islands in Canadian Arctic, Greenland, and northern Eurasia
  • morinella (Linnaeus, 1766), arctic Canada.
• Red Knot Calidris canutus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  Subspecies rogersi and piersmai occur HANZAB region.

  • Nominate canutus breeds Taymyr Pen., central n. Siberia, New Siberian Is and possibly Yakutia, Siberia
  • rogersi Mathews, 1913, breeds ne. Siberia, including Chukotskiy Pen., and possibly areas farther W. winters Australasia
  • roselaari Tomkovich, 1990, breeds Wrangel I., Siberia, and nw. Alaska.
  • rufa Wilson, 1813, breeds Canadian Arctic, S of 75°N.
  • islandica Linnaeus, 1767, breeds islands of Canadian high Arctic and n. Greenland.
  • piersmai breeds New Siberian Archipelago (north-central Siberia); winters to northwestern Australia (Extra subspecies in AviList 2025)
• Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Ruff Calidris pugnax Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Broad-billed Sandpiper Calidris falcinellus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate falcinellus breeds northern Europe and western Siberia.
  • Subspecies sibirica Dresser, 1876, breeds eastern Siberia, non-breeding areas from Bay of Bengal, SE to Aust. and occasionally NZ.
• Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Temminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Buff-breasted Sandpiper Calidris subruficollis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Sanderling Calidris alba Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • alba, non-breeding in HANZAB region
  • rubida, extralimital
• Dunlin Calidris alpina Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate alpina breeds n. Scandinavia and nw. Russia
  • subspecies schinzii (Brehm, 1822), breeds Greenland, Iceland, British Isles, E to Baltic, and N to s. Scandinvian coasts
  • subspecies arctica (Schioler, 1922), breeds ne. Greenland
  • subspecies sakhalina (Vieillot, 1816), breeds ne. Siberia and n. Alaska
  • subspecies pacifica (Coues, 1861), breeds w. Alaska and ne. Canada
  • subspecies arcticola (Todd, 1953), breeds n. Alaska.
  • Four subspecies added in AviList:
    • centralis (Buturlin, 1932), breeds ne. Sibera
    • kistchinski (Tomkovich, 1986), breeds ne. Siberia
    • actites (Nechaev and Tomkovich, 1988), breeds northern Sakhalin, Russia
    • hudsonia ((Todd, WEC, 1953), breeds central Canada.

  Subspecies occuring HANZAB region not known; sakhalina and pacifica most likely.
• Baird’s Sandpiper Calidris bairdii Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Little Stint Calidris minuta Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Hybrid Calidris sandpipers Calidris hybrids
• Monotypic or polytypic not set
• Buttonquail (Turnicidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Red-backed Button-quail Turnix maculosus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Red-backed Buttonquail (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • melanotus (Gould 1837), Aust.
  • Extralimitally, thirteen subspecies on islands from s. Philippines and Lesser Sundas to Guadalcanal, with three subspecies in New Guinea.
• Little Button-quail Turnix velox Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Little Buttonquail (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Red-chested Button-quail Turnix pyrrhothorax Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Red-chested Buttonquail (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Chestnut-backed Button-quail Turnix castanotus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Chestnut-backed Buttonquail (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Buff-breasted Button-quail Turnix olivii Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Buff-breasted Buttonquail (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Painted Button-quail Turnix varius Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Painted Buttonquail (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate varius, Aust.
  • scintillans (Gould 1845), Houtman Abrolhos.
• Black-breasted Button-quail Turnix melanogaster Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Black-breasted Buttonquail (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Coursers and Pratincoles (Glareolidae)
• Australian Pratincole Glareola isabella Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum
• Monotypic.
• Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • pratincola (vagrant to Australia)
  • fuelleborni
  • erlangeri.
• Jaegers and Skuas (Stercorariidae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Arctic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Parasitic Jaeger (AviList 2025) Arctic Skua (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Long-tailed Skua (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate longicaudus Arctic and subarctic Scandinavia, E to delta of Lena R.
  • pallescens Líppenthin, 1932, Arctic Greenland, North America and Siberia, E of Kolyma R.
• Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
        Pomarine Skua (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormicki Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Chilean Skua Stercorarius chilensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Brown Skua Stercorarius antarcticus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Southern Skua (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • lonnbergi (Mathews, 1912), circumpolar, breeding subantarctic islands and Antarctic Pen., and Chatham Is;
  • antarcticus (Lesson, 1831), breeds Falkland Is and Patagonia;
  • hamiltoni (Devillers 1978) breeds Tristan Grp and Gough I., South Atlantic Ocean.
• Skimmers, Noddies, Terns, and Gulls (Laridae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• White Terns (Gyginae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Indo-Pacific White Tern Gygis candida Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Blue-billed White Tern (AviLIst 2025) White Tern Gygis alba (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • candida  (Gmelin, 1789) breeds tropical Indian Ocean, including Cocos-Keeling Is, and much of tropical Pacific Ocean, including Norfolk, Lord Howe and Kermadec Is.
  • Extralimitally: subspecies leucopes  Holyoak & Thibault, 1976, breeds Pitcairn Grp.
• Noddies (Anoinae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Brown Noddy Anous stolidus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • pileatus breeds Red Sea and Indian and Pacific Oceans E to Hawaii, Marquesas, Easter and Los Desventurados Is, and S to HANZAB region.
  • Extralimitally:
    • Nominate stolidus breeds Caribbean and Atlantic S to Gough I.;
    • ridgwayi breeds islands off w. Central America;
    • galapagensis breeds Galapagos Is.

  Birds breeding from WA, N to Savu Sea, Indonesia, perhaps warrant subspecific recognition.
• Lesser Noddy Anous tenuirostris Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Subspecies melanops (Gould, 1845) breeds Houtman Abrolhos, WA. Population apparently breeding Ashmore Reef, but subspecific identity not known, probably melanops.
  • Nominate tenuirostris breed Seychelles, Cargados Carajos Shoal, Reunion I., Agalengas I., Chagos Arch. and Maldive Is.
• Black Noddy Anous minutus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate minutus breeds from Tuamotu to Samoa, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Kermadec, Norfolk and Lord Howe Is and Aust. Subspecies breeding Ashmore Reef, e. Indian Ocean, not known.
  • Extralimitally, subspecies:
    • worcesteri  (McGregor, 1911) breeds islands off Philippines, Sumatra and possibly Maldive Is
    • marcusi  (Bryan, 1903) breeds Marcus and Wake Is and throughout Micronesia to Caroline I.
    • melanogenys  Gray, 1846, breeds Hawaiian Is
    • diamesus  (Heller & Snodgrass, 1901) breeds off w. Central America, on Clipperton Is and Cocos Is
    • americanus  (Mathews, 1912) breeds Caribbean
    • atlanticus  (Mathews, 1912) breeds Atlantic Ocean, from St Pauls Rocks to St Helena and Ascension I.
• Grey Noddy Anous albivitta Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Anous albivittus (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • albivitta Bonaparte, 1856, breeds Lord Howe, Norfolk and Kermadec Is, and Three Kings and Bay of Plenty, NI, NZ.
  • Extralimitally:
    • skottsbergii Lönnberg, 1921, breeds Henderson and Easter Is
    • imitatrix Mathews, 1912, breeds San Ambrosio and San Felix off Chile.
• Terns (Sterninae) Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Aleutian Tern Onychoprion aleuticus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Subspecies serratus Wagler, 1830, breeds from w. and n. Aust., Kermadec Is and through s. Pacific, E to Easter I.;
  • subspecies nubilosus Sparrman, 1788, breeds Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, E to Greater Sunda Is (including Cocos-Keeling Is), Philippines and Ryu Kyu Is;
  • subspecies kermadeci (Mathews, 1916) breeds Kermadec Is. (not separated from serratus in AviList 2025)
  • Four other extralimital subspecies:
    • nominate fuscatus breeds Caribbean and Atlantic;
    • subspecies oahuensis Bloxham, 1826, breeds tropical n. Pacific, from Marcus I. to Christmas I.;
    • subspecies crissalis (Lawrence, 1871 [1872]) breeds Pacific coast of Central America, S to Galapagos;
    • subspecies luctuosus Philippi & Landbeck, 1866, breeds on islands off Chilean coast.
• Spectacled Tern Onychoprion lunatus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Grey-backed Tern (NZCL 2024)
• Monotypic.
• Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate anaethetus breeds e. Indian Ocean, from Sunda Is and Aust., into w. Pacific Ocean, E to Solomon and Palau Is and N to Taiwan;
  • subspecies antarcticus Lesson, 1831, breeds Red Sea, Persian Gulf and w. Indian Ocean S to Maldive and Mascarene Is; apparently accidental to Cocos-Keeling Is.
  • Extralimitally,
    • subspecies melanopterus Swainson, 1837, breeds West Indies and West Africa; subspecies nelsoni Ridgway, 1919, breeds Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America.
• Fairy Tern Sternula nereis Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate nereis s. and w. mainland Aust. and Tas.
  • davisae (Mathews & Iredale, 1913) NZ
  • exsul (Mathews, 1912) New Caledonia and, possibly, Loyalty Is.
• Little Tern Sternula albifrons Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Subspecies sinensis, Gmelin, 1789, se. and e. Asia, E from Sri Lanka to New Guinea and n. and e. Aust.
  • Subspecies placens , Gould, 1871, breeds coastal eastern Australia including Tasmania; ranges to Indonesia
  • Extralimitally:
    • Nominate albifrons breeds Europe and North Africa, E to central Asia, including Pakistan and n. India;
    • subspecies guineae Bannerman, 1931, w. and central Africa.
• Saunders’s Tern Sternula saundersi Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Australian Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon macrotarsa Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Australian Tern (AviLIst 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Common Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Gull-billed Tern (AviList 2025, NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • nominate nilotica, breeds Europe, nw. Africa and Middle East, E to Kazakhstan, Manchuria, Pakistan, and possibly Sri Lanka;
  • affinis Horsfield, 1821, breeds se. Asia;
  • aranea Wilson, 1814, e. USA, Bahamas, and Greater Antilles;
  • vanrossemi (Bancroft, 1929) s. California to w. Mexico;
  • grönvoldi (Mathews, 1912) South America, from Guyana to Argentina
  • [addenda [(Mathews, 1912) breeds coastal China and possibly farther W, not included in AviList 2025 – junior synonym of affinis]

  Subspecies affinis recorded as non-breeding visitor to Aust.
• Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Chlidonias hybridus (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • Subspecies javanicus  (Horsfield, 1821) breeds Aust.
  • Extralimitally,
    • nominate hybrida  breeds North Africa, Europe, Middle East, n. India and s. Siberia, E to Ussuriland, China and Assam (India);
    • subspecies delalandii  (Mathews, 1912) breeds s. and e. Africa and Madagascar.
• Black-fronted Tern Chlidonias albostriatus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        White-winged Tern (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Black Tern Chlidonias niger
• Polytypic

  • Nominate niger, Eurasia;
  • surinamensis (Gmelin, 1789) North America. (vagrant in WLAB 4.1.)
• Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Crested Tern (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • cristatus Stephens, 1826, breeds se. Asia, Indonesia, Aust. and central and w. Pacific Ocean, N to Ryukyu and Marcus Is, and E to Tuamotu Arch.
  • Extralimitally,
    • nominate bergii breeds Namibia and s. Africa;
    • thalassinus Stresemann, 1914, breeds Tanzania;
    • velox Cretzschmar, 1826, breeds Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, E to n. Sumatra and w. Malay Pen.
• Lesser Crested Tern Thalasseus bengalensis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate bengalensis, Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar, Maldives, and s. and e. India, and Sri Lanka;
  • torresii (Gould, 1843), Mediterranean, Persian Gulf, Pakistan, s. New Guinea and Australia.
  • extra subspecies in AviList 2025, emigratus (Neumann, 1934)
• Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea
• Monotypic.
• Antarctic Tern Sterna vittata Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate vittata breeds S of 46°S in Indian Ocean, on Heard and Prince Edward Is, Iles Kerguelen and Crozet, and Bouvetøya;
  • subspecies bethunei  Buller, 1896, breeds Macquarie I., NZ subantarctic islands (Snares, Antipodes, Bounty, Auckland and Campbell Is), and Stewart I. and outlying islands;
  • subspecies georgiae  Reichenow, 1904, breeds South Georgia, and presumably South Orkney and South Sandwich Is;
  • subspecies gaini  Murphy, 1938, breeds South Shetland Is and, presumably, Antarctic Pen. and outlying islands.
  • Extralimitally:
    • subspecies tristanensis  Murphy, 1938, breeds N of 41°S in the South Atlantic Ocean, on Tristan da Cunha and Gough Is, and in the Indian Ocean at Iles Amsterdam and St Paul (see Geographical Variation)
    • subspecies sanctipauli, Gould, 1865, breeds Amsterdam and St. Paul islands (southern Indian Ocean)
• Kerguelen Tern Sterna virgata
• Polytypic

  • Nominate virgata breeds Iles Kerguelen
  • mercuri, Voisin, 1971, breeds Iles Crozet. Subspecies breeding Prince Edward Is not known in HANZAB book, considered to be mercuri in AviList 2025.
• Common Tern Sterna hirundo Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate hirundo breeds e. North America, Caribbean, Europe, North and West Africa, and Middle East, E to plains of Kazakhstan and w. Siberia.
  • longipennis Nordmann, 1835, breeds e. Siberia S to n. Kuril Is, Sakhalin, and ne. China, grading into nominate hirundo over wide area in central Siberia between about Ob R. and c. 110°E;
  • tibetana Saunders, 1876, breeds central Asia eastward to Inner Mongolia, southward through Tibetan Plateau from eastern Ladak.
  • minussensis Sushkin, 1925, breeds central Asia eastward to Inner Mongolia, southward through Tibetan Plateau from eastern Ladakh to Qing (added AviList 2025)
• Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana
• Polytypic

  • Nominate sumatrana breeds Andaman Is, Malay Arch., Sumatra to New Guinea, ne. and n. Aust., s. China and Philippines and, in Pacific Ocean, from Japan to Samoa.
  • Extralimitally:
    • mathewsi  Stresemann, 1914, breeds Indian Ocean, from Madagascar and Seychelle Is to Chagos Is.
• Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Subspecies gracilis Gould, 1845, breeds Aust. and New Caledonia.
  • Extralimitally:
    • nominate dougallii breeds Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean, from Britain and USA to South Africa;
    • subspecies bangsi Mathews, 1912, breeds Arabian Sea, w. Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, from Ryuku Is, China and Greater Sunda Is eastward;
    • subspecies korustes (Hume, 1874) breeds India, Sri Lanka and Andaman Is to Burma.
  • Additional extralimital subspecies arideensis in AviList 2025
• White-fronted Tern Sterna striata
• Monotypic.
• Gulls (Larinae) Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Sabine’s Gull Xema sabini Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Hartlaub’s Gull Chroicocephalus hartlaubii Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Brown-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus maculipennis Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Black-billed Gull Chroicocephalus bulleri Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Silver Gull Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate novaehollandiae Aust. (including Tas.);
  • subspecies scopulinus Forster, 1844, NZ and Chatham, Snares, Auckland and Campbell Is.
  • Extralimitally, subspecies forsteri (Mathews, 1920), New Caledonia and sw. Pacific Ocean.
• Dolphin Gull Leucophaeus scoresbii Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Grey Gull Leucophaeus modestus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate atricilla West Indies
  • megalopterus (Bruch, 1855) atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America, s. California, nw. Mexico and n. Venezuela.
• Franklin’s Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
• Monotypic.
• Pacific Gull Larus pacificus
• Polytypic

  • Nominate pacificus, se. Aust.
  • georgii Vigors, 1827 (=1826), SA and WA.
• Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris
• Monotypic.
• Olrog’s Gull Larus atlanticus
• Monotypic.
• Mew Gull Larus canus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Common Gull (AviList 2025)
• Polytypic

  • canus, Linnaeus, 1758
  • heinei, Homeyer, 1853
  • kamtschatschensis (Bonaparte, 1857)

  Subspecies in Australia unknown (vagrant).
• Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus Taxonomic changes (AviList 2025)
        Southern Black-backed Gull (NZCL 2024)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate dominicanus Aust., NZ, subantarctic islands, Antarctica and South America;
  • judithae, Jiguet, 2002, subantarctic Indian Ocean islands;
  • melisandae, Jiguet, 2002, coasts of southwestern and southern Madagascar
  • austinus, Fleming, 1924, Antarctica and Antarctic islands
  • vetula (Bruch, 1853) coasts of s. Africa.
• Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • fuscus (vagrant in WLAB 4.1)
  • graellsii
  • intermedius
  • heuglini
  • barabensis.
• Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Monotypic.
• PHAETHONTIFORMES Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Tropicbirds (Phaethontidae)
• Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • mesonauta
  • indicus
  • extralimitally, aethereus.
• Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • roseotinctus Indian Ocean.
  • westralis Indian Ocean.
  • Extralimital:
    • rubricauda Pacific Ocean
    • melanorhynchos Pacific Ocean.
• White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus Taxonomic changes (HANZAB 2023)
• Polytypic

  • Nominate lepturus breeds Cocos-Keeling Is, Mascarene Is, Seychelles, Andaman Is and islets of Ashmore Reef;
  • fulvus Brandt, 1838, breeds Christmas I. (Ind.);
  • dorotheae Mathews, 1913, breeds throughout tropical Pacific, from Hawaii to Christmas I. (Pac.), and Tuamoto to New Caledonia.
  • Extralimitally:
    • catesbyi Brandt, 1838, West Indies;
    • ascensionis Mathews, 1915, central Atlantic;
    • europae Mozambique Channel.

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